Spain

The history of LGBT rights in Spain is a story of extreme polarity: from brutal persecution under the Franco dictatorship to becoming a global trailblazer for equality in the 21st century. In 2005, Spain surprised the world by becoming the third country to legalize same-sex marriage, defying the strong opposition of the Catholic Church.

Here is the historical overview of the legalization of homosexuality and gay rights in Spain.

Phase I: The Fluctuating Laws (1822–1939)
Spain's early legal history swung back and forth depending on whether liberals or conservatives were in power.

1822: The first Penal Code mentions "sodomy" as a crime.

1848: A new Penal Code is adopted, influenced by the French model. It decriminalizes homosexuality, removing sodomy as a specific crime.

1928: Under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, "habitual homosexual acts" are briefly re-criminalized.

1932 (Second Republic): A new, liberal Penal Code is enacted, decriminalizing homosexuality once again.

Phase II: The Francoist Repression (1939–1975)
The victory of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War marked the beginning of a dark era. The regime viewed homosexuality as a danger to the "National Catholic" identity of Spain.

1954: The regime amends the Vagrancy Act (Ley de Vagos y Maleantes) to explicitly include homosexuals.

Gay men were not technically "punished" for a crime but were considered "dangerous" and subject to "security measures."

They were sent to labor camps (such as the notorious Tefía colony in Fuerteventura) or prisons to be "rehabilitated" through hard labor.

1970: The law is replaced by the Law on Social Danger and Rehabilitation (Ley de Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social).

This law was even stricter. It aimed to "cure" homosexuality.

"Active" homosexuals were sent to Huelva prison, and "passive" ones to Badajoz prison. "Aversion therapy" (electric shocks) was sometimes used.

Phase III: La Transición & The Cultural Boom (1975–2004)
Following Franco's death in 1975, Spain underwent a rapid transition to democracy. A cultural explosion known as "La Movida Madrileña" (led by figures like Pedro Almodóvar) openly celebrated gay culture even before the laws fully caught up.

1979: Decriminalization.

The term "homosexual acts" is removed from the Law on Social Danger.

The last prisoners convicted for homosexuality are released.

1995: A new Penal Code is enacted. It explicitly bans discrimination based on sexual orientation and introduces "homophobic motivation" as an aggravating factor for crimes.

1998–2000: Several autonomous regions (like Catalonia and Aragon) pass their own Civil Union laws, granting rights at a regional level, though a national law remained absent.

Phase IV: The Marriage Revolution (2004–2005)
Under the leadership of Socialist Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Spain moved from having no national recognition to full marriage equality in a single leap.

2005 (July 3): Same-Sex Marriage Legalized.

Despite massive street protests organized by the Catholic Church and the conservative Popular Party, the law passes.

Spain becomes the 3rd country in the world (after the Netherlands and Belgium) to legalize same-sex marriage.

Adoption: The law granted full joint adoption rights immediately.

"Matrimonio": The law famously did not create a separate institution but simply added a sentence to the Civil Code: "Marriage will have the same requirements and results when the two people entering into the contract are of the same or different sex."

Phase V: The "Ley Trans" & Self-ID (2007–Present)
After marriage was settled, the focus shifted to transgender rights, culminating in one of Europe's most progressive laws in 2023.

2007: The "Gender Identity Law" allows transgender people to change their legal gender without surgery, but it still required a medical diagnosis of "gender dysphoria" and two years of hormone treatment.

2023 (February): The "Ley Trans" (Trans Law).

Officially titled the Law for the Real and Effective Equality of Trans Persons.

Self-ID: It removes the requirement for medical diagnosis or hormone therapy. Any citizen over 16 can change their legal gender by simple declaration at the registry office.

Ban on Conversion Therapy: The law implements a strict nationwide ban on conversion therapies, with fines of up to €150,000.

Spain is extremely welcoming to LGBTQ travelers. Madrid Pride (MADO) is one of Europe's largest Pride celebrations. Sitges, near Barcelona, is a popular gay beach destination. Public displays of affection are widely accepted, especially in urban areas. The Chueca neighborhood in Madrid is the heart of the city's gay scene.

FELGTBI+ (Federación Estatal de Lesbianas, Gais, Trans, Bisexuales, Intersexuales y más)
Website: www.felgtbi.org

COGAM (Colectivo LGTB+ de Madrid)
Website: www.cogam.es

Casal Lambda (Barcelona)
Website: www.lambda.cat

Madrid hosts WorldPride events and has one of the world's most vibrant gay scenes. Sitges hosts an annual gay film festival and carnival. Spain's constitution explicitly protects against discrimination based on sexual orientation.